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Ginkgo
biloba is one of the world's oldest living tree species. The earliest
record of the use of Ginkgo Biloba leaves as a medicine is mentioned in
the Chinese Materia Medical Shen Nung Pen Tsao Ching, as an aid for blood
circulation and disorders of lungs. They are also used for chilblains and
as a wound plaster. In 1932, Japanese Furukawa isolated ginkgolides for
the first time, which were further investigated for their chemical
structure in 1966. Dr. Willmar Schwabe Company produced the first extract
from leaves in 1965. With the advent and popularization of antioxidant
theory in recent years, Ginkgo biloba has rapidly become one of the most
widely used health supplements in the world.
Function:
The
leaves are still used in Chinese medicine to treat memory loss,
stomach pain, dysentery, high blood pressure and anxiety as well as other
respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and poor circulation. The
active component of Ginkgo biloba is the terpene fraction, which consists
of ginkgolides and bilobalides. These ginkgo flavone-glycosides have
powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenging capability.
1.
Circulation Improvement:
Ginkgo biloba extract increases circulation to both the brain and
extremities of the body. One of the primary protective effects of the
ginkgolides are their ability to inhibit a substance known as
platelet-activating factor (PAF). PAF is a mediator released from cells
that causes platelets to aggregate (clump together). High amounts of PAF
are associated with damage to nerve cells, poor blood flow to the central
nervous system, inflammatory conditions, and bronchial constrictions. Much
like free radicals, higher PAF levels are also associated with aging.
Ginkgolides and bilobalide protect nerve cells in the central nervous
system from damage during periods of ischemia (lack of oxygen to tissues
in the body). This effect may be supportive for persons who have suffered
a stroke. In addition to inhibiting platelet stickiness, ginkgo biloba
extract regulates the tone and elasticity of blood vessels. In other
words, it makes circulation more efficient. This improvement in
circulation efficiency extends to both large vessels (arteries) and
smaller vessels (capillaries) in the circulatory system.
2. Antioxidant Properties:
Ginkgo biloba extract may have antioxidant properties in the brain, retina
of the eye, and the cardiovascular system. Its antioxidant activity in the
brain and central nervous system may help prevent age-related declines in
brain function. Ginkgo biloba extract for antioxidant activity in the
brain is of particular interest. The brain and central nervous system are
particularly susceptible to free radical attack. Free radical damage in
the brain is widely accepted as being a contributing factor in many
disorders associated with aging, including Alzheimer's disease.
3. Anti-Aging Properties
Ginkgo
increases blood flow to the brain and has excellent restorative effects on
the nervous system. Hundreds of scientific studies, involving tens of
thousands of patients, attest to the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba
extract for the many problems associated with cerebral vascular
insufficiency and impaired mental performance in elderly patients. Ginkgo
is of benefit for many of the presumed symptoms of aging such as:
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Anxiety
and depression |
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Memory
impairment
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Poor
concentration, decreased alertness
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Diminished
intellectual capacity
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Vertigo,
headache
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Tinnitus
(ringing in the ears)
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Macular
degeneration ( the most common cause of blindness in adults)
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Inner
ear disturbances (which can cause partial deafness)
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Poor
circulation in the extremities
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Impotence
due to impaired penile blood flow
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4.
Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Improvement
Researchers recently reviewed all of the high-quality published studies on
ginkgo and mild memory impairment, and concluded that ginkgo was
significantly more effective than placebo in enhancing memory and
cognitive function.
Ginkgo
is widely used in Europe for treating dementia. The reason that ginkgo is
thought to be helpful for preventing or treating these brain disorders is
because it improves blood flow in the brain and because of its antioxidant
properties. Although many of the clinical trials have been scientifically
flawed, the evidence that ginkgo may improve thinking, learning, and
memory in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been highly promising.
Clinical
studies suggest that ginkgo provides the following benefits for people
with AD:
Improvement in thinking, learning, and memory
Improvement in activities of daily living
Improvement in social behavior
Fewer feelings of depression
5. PMS
Symptoms
One double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated the benefits of Ginkgo
biloba extract for women with PMS symptoms. This trial enrolled 143 women,
18 to 45 years of age, and followed them for two menstrual cycles. Each
woman received either the ginkgo extract (80 mg twice daily) or placebo on
day 16 of the first cycle. Treatment was continued until day 5 of the next
cycle, and resumed again on day 16 of that cycle. The results were
impressive. As compared to placebo, ginkgo significantly relieved major
symptoms of PMS, especially breast pain and emotional disturbance.
6. Sexual Dysfunction
Although there is no double-blind evidence at the time of this writing,
case reports and open studies suggest that ginkgo can reverse the sexual
dysfunction caused by drugs in the Prozac family as well as other types of
antidepressant medications.
7.
Eye problems
The flavonoids found in ginkgo may help halt or lessen some retinal
problems. Retinal damage has a number of potential causes, including
diabetes and macular degeneration. Macular degeneration (often called
age-related macular degeneration or ARMD) is a progressive, degenerative
eye disease that tends to affect older adults and is the number one cause
of blindness in the United States. Studies suggest that gingko may help
preserve vision in those with ARMD.
Dosage:
The
general consensus is that for the treatment of micro-circulation problems
in the extremities, including vertigo, tinnitus and intermittent
claudication, a dosage of 120-160 mg per day is suitable. For treatment of
dementia, mild depression, and improvement of cognitive abilities, higher
doses (about 240 mg/day) are recommended. For best results, daily dosage
is typically split into 2-3 divided doses. Be sure to look for an extract
standardized to at least 24% ginkgo flavone glycosides and 6% terpene
lactones – because this is the type of extract that has been shown to be
effective in virtually every clinical trial.
Safety:
Ginkgo
appears to be safe. Extremely high doses have been given to animals for
long periods of time without serious consequences. In all the clinical
trials of ginkgo up through 1991 combined, involving a total of almost
10,000 participants, the incidence of side effects produced by ginkgo
extract was extremely small. There were 21 cases of gastrointestinal
discomfort, and even fewer cases of headaches, dizziness, and allergic
skin reactions.
Chemistry:
This
product is composed of some kinds of flavones and Ginkgoslides mainly.
References:
1.
Agnoli A, Fiorani P, Pistolese GR. Preliminary results in the
modifications of cerebral blood flow using xenon-133 during administration
of ginkgo-biloba. Minerva Med. 1973 Nov 7; 64(79 Suppl): 4166-73.
2. Allard M. Treatment of the disorders of aging with Ginkgo biloba
extract. From pharmacology to clinical medicine. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;
15 (31): 1540-5.
3. al-Zuhair H, Abd el-Fattah A, el-Sayed MI. The effect of meclofenoxate
with ginkgo biloba extract or zinc on lipid peroxide, some free radical
scavengers and the cardiovascular system of aged rats. Pharmacol Res. 1998
Jul;38(1):65-72.
4. Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr.
2000 Feb; 71(2): 621S-629S.
5. Deberdt W. Interaction between psychological and pharmacological
treatment in cognitive impairment. Life Sci. 1994; 55(25-26):2057-6-66.
6. Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, Matheis RJ, Noskin O, Richards JA,
Schoenberger NE. Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical
indications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 May; 81(5): 668-78.
7. Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Franceschi D, Franceschi M,
MacGregor R, Shea C, Garza V, Liu N, Ding YS. Evidence that gingko biloba
extract does not inhibit MAO A and B in living human brain. Life Sci. 2000
Jan 21;66(9):PL141-6.
8. Garg RK, Nag D, Agrawal A. A double blind placebo controlled trial of
ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians
India. 1995 Nov;43(11):760-3.
9. Gsell W, Reichert N, Youdim MB, Riederer P. Interaction of
neuroprotective substances with human brain superoxide dismutase. An in
vitro study. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1995;45:271-9.
10. Hannequin D, Thibert A, Vaschalde Y. Development of a model to study
the anti-edema properties of Ginkgo biloba extract. Presse Med. 1986 Sep
25;15(31):1575-6.
11. Heiss WD. Pharmacologic modification of the circulation in the brain.
Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss. 1980 Apr;36(1-3):183-207.
12. Heiss WD. Therapy of cerebral ischemia. Z Kardiol. 1987;76 Suppl
4:87-98.
13. Hemmer R, Tzavellas O. On cerebral effect of plant preparation from
Ginkgo biloba. Arzneimittelforschung. 1967 Apr;17(4):491-3.
14. Hofferberth B. The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on
neurophysiological and psychometric measurement results in patients with
psychotic organic brain syndrome. A double-blind study against placebo.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1989 Aug;39(8):918-22.
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